Secure cryptogram generation and validation represent the absolute foundation of EMV transaction security, because cryptograms serve as cryptographically protected, issuer-verifiable artifacts that prove the authenticity of the card, the correctness of transaction data, the legitimacy of terminal risk management processes, and the integrity of the full EMV transaction path from the moment the card is accessed until the issuer renders a final decision.

EMV Level 3 Certification focuses not only on the correctness of user experience and functional transaction behavior but also very heavily on validating whether cryptograms are generated, transmitted, validated, and processed according to EMVCo specifications, card-network security mandates (Visa, Mastercard, RuPay, Amex, Discover), and issuer host cryptographic requirements.

Because even a single incorrect byte in ARQC, ARPC, TC, or AAC cryptograms can cause issuer rejection, host mismatch, vulnerability exposure, replay attack possibilities, or transaction integrity failure, EMV L3 requires exhaustive cryptogram inspection under dozens of scenarios including online approvals, declines, referrals, reversals, offline fallbacks, force-accept cases, post-authorization scripting, and abnormal termination flows.

Understanding EMV Cryptograms: Definitions, Purpose, and Security Role

What Are Cryptograms in the EMV Transaction Framework?

Cryptograms are cryptographically generated values computed by the EMV chip card or the issuer host using issuer-shared secret keys, and they are designed to authenticate the transaction, validate the card’s authenticity, ensure data integrity, and confirm the legitimacy of the terminal’s transaction behavior.

Primary EMV Cryptograms

Each cryptogram type plays a specific role and is triggered under specific EMV rules.

Why EMV L3 Places Extreme Emphasis on Cryptogram Correctness

L3 certification requires precise, fully deterministic cryptogram handling because cryptogram correctness ensures:

• The card is genuine and not cloned
• The terminal sends accurate transaction data
• The issuer can validate the authenticity of the request
• No data has been altered or compromised
• The EMV kernel and terminal application are working correctly
• The complete EMV risk management flow remains intact

Therefore, L3 validates cryptograms to ensure:

• Correct cryptographic inputs
• Proper use of unpredictable numbers
• Accurate ATC incrementing
• Proper handling of IAD/CVR
• Consistent TLV formatting
• Proper ARQC/ARPC correlation
• Accurate terminal-generated TC/AAC outputs

Any mismatch—even 1 bit—results in an immediate L3 failure.

Cryptogram Lifecycle in an EMV Transaction: Detailed Flow

 Step-by-Step Cryptogram Lifecycle

• Terminal requests unpredictable number
• Terminal collects EMV data elements
• Card receives data and generates ARQC
• Terminal sends ARQC to issuer
• Issuer validates ARQC and sends ARPC
• Terminal processes ARPC
• Terminal instructs card to generate TC or AAC
• Transaction completes with cryptographic integrity

This lifecycle must function flawlessly across all network types, card profiles, mobile wallets, contactless modes, and fallback flows.

Technical Inputs for ARQC Generation: Deep Internal Mechanics

Mandatory EMV Data Elements Used in ARQC Generation

The ARQC is generated using a strict, EMV-defined set of data objects. The card uses these values inside its secure cryptographic module to produce an issuer-verifiable cryptogram.

Critical Data Elements

• 9F37 – Unpredictable Number (UN)
• 9F36 – Application Transaction Counter (ATC)
• 9F10 – Issuer Application Data (IAD)
• 9F27 – Cryptogram Information Data
• 9F02 – Amount, Authorized
• 9F03 – Amount, Other (Balance impacting)
• 5F2A – Transaction Currency Code
• 9A – Transaction Date
• 9C – Transaction Type
• 9F1A – Terminal Country Code
• 9F34 – CVM Results
• 82 – Application Interchange Profile (AIP)
• 94 – Application File Locator (AFL)
• 5A – PAN with sequence number

During L3, if the terminal fails to include even one of these fields correctly in the input data, the ARQC becomes invalid and the transaction will fail.

Importance of UN (Unpredictable Number) Entropy in L3 Certification

The unpredictable number is one of the most critical security inputs, because it prevents replay attacks by ensuring that every ARQC is unique.

L3 validates:

• UN must be truly random
• Must not be predictable or incrementing
• Must not repeat for identical transactions
• Must be generated by a high-entropy source

Low-quality UN generation is one of the most common causes of L3 rejection.

ATC (Application Transaction Counter) Integrity Requirements

The card increments ATC for every transaction or attempt.
L3 requires:

• Correct ATC sequence
• No repeated ATC
• No skipped values
• No ATC reset
• Correct ATC extraction

ATC synchronization is fundamental for ARQC validation at the issuer side.

ARQC Generation: Deep Cryptographic Analysis

Cryptographic Keys Used to Produce ARQC

ARQC is generated using:

• Issuer Master Key for Application Cryptogram (IMK-AC)
• Derived session keys
• Cryptographic algorithms (3DES/AES depending on network)
• The card performs MAC-generation using these keys to produce the ARQC.

How EMV L3 Tests ARQC Generation Accuracy

L3 laboratories run controlled test scripts allowing deterministic comparison.

They verify:

• ARQC changes when UN changes
• ARQC remains correct for each card profile
• ATC increments match the expected sequence
• Transaction-related data elements are accurate
• CVR and IAD fields match the transaction context
• Terminal risk management results are correct

If ARQC deviates from expected values, L3 rejects the terminal.

ARPC Validation: Issuer-to-Terminal Cryptographic Confirmation

What Happens When Issuer Receives ARQC

The issuer validates:

• ARQC correctness
• Data integrity
• Card authenticity
• ATC synchronization
• Transaction legitimacy

If everything is correct, the issuer generates ARPC.

How Terminals Must Validate ARPC During L3 Testing

The terminal must:

• Compute matching MAC validation
• Verify ARPC cryptographic correctness
• Execute issuer instructions (scripts, CVR updates)
• Decide whether to trigger TC or AAC generation

Errors here lead to:

• Wrong issuer response interpretation
• Incorrect CVR update
• Terminal incorrectly generating TC instead of AAC
• L3 certification failure

Secure Generation of TC (Transaction Certificate) and AAC (Application

Authentication Cryptogram) Transaction Certificate (TC)

TC serves as cryptographic proof that the transaction was approved and completed securely.

L3 Tests Verify:

• Correct TC generation
• Correct data elements in TC input
• Certificate structure and format
• Correct terminal outcome messages
• Accurate transaction logs

Application Authentication Cryptogram (AAC)

AAC indicates decline or termination.

L3 checks:

• Correct AAC generation in both online and offline declines
• Terminal-induced AAC handling for risk failures
• AAC correctness after ARPC failure
• Proper mapping of terminal decision logic

EMV L3 Laboratory Validation of Cryptograms: Extreme Technical Depth

Deterministic Reproduction Testing

Labs use predictable scripts where:

• Every UN is predefined
• Every amount is fixed
• Every date/time is controlled

Expected ARQC/TC/AAC values are computed ahead of time.

Any deviation = FAILURE.

Field-Level Validation of Cryptogram-Related TLVs

Critical tags include:

• 9F26 – ARQC/TC/AAC
• 9F10 – IAD
• 9F37 – UN
• 9F36 – ATC
• 9F27 – Cryptogram Type Indicator
• 9F34 – CVM Results
• 95 – Terminal Verification Results (TVR)

L3 checks:

• Correct format
• Correct length
• Consistent byte-order
• Correct source (card or terminal)

Improper TLV formatting alone can fail certification.

 Card-Network-Specific Cryptogram Requirements

Visa

Visa-specific L3 checks:

• Valid nonce usage
• Correct ARPQ pattern
• Script processing behavior
• ARQC/ARPC differential logic

Mastercard

Mastercard validates:

• DPA (Dynamic Passcode Authentication) correctness
• TAC/IAC influence on AAC/TC
• Consistent Card Profile handling

RuPay

RuPay L3 tests:

• Host-side ARQC matching
• ATC synchronization
• Cryptogram verification under UPI-linked card flows

 Amex / Discover

These networks emphasize:

• Replay protection
• Key diversification
• Multi-step cryptogram chaining

Cryptogram Generation and Validation in SoftPOS and Tap-on-Phone Platforms

Special Cryptographic Constraints in SoftPOS

SoftPOS cryptogram flows must be:

• Executed entirely inside TEE or Secure Element
• Protected from Android OS exposure
• Protected from device rooting/jailbreak attempts
• Secure from API hooking
• Verified through PCI MPoC certification

EMV L3 evaluates:

• Secure EMV APDU handling inside TEE
• No leakage of EMV tags into user space
• Correct ARQC generation even under mobile thermal throttling
• Secure ARPC processing even when device conditions fluctuate

   

Cryptogram Handling in Soundbox, QR Terminals, and Hybrid UPI Devices

Even though Soundbox and QR devices do not process EMV chip data, many hybrid POS devices combine EMV, QR, UPI, and NFC Tap flows.

L3 requires:

• Consistency in cryptographic message verification
• Secure handling of transaction acknowledgements
• Robust key lifecycle management
• TLS-level or DUKPT-level protection of cloud communication

Soundboxes must validate that:

• Payment confirmation messages from the server are cryptographically signed
• No spoofed transaction alerts are possible

Common Causes of Cryptogram-Related Failures During L3 Certification

Frequent Failure Categories

• Incorrect ARQC input data
• Incorrect IAD or CVR mapping
• UN generation too predictable
• Incorrect ARPC validation
• Terminal generates TC when AAC required
• Missing issuer script handling
• Poor TLV construction
• ATC extraction errors
• Kernel–application synchronization failures

These are among the highest fail-rate items in L3 certification.

Best Practices for OEMs, Kernel Developers, and Payment Engineers

• Implement cryptographically strong RNG for UN
• Use simulation tools to validate ARQC accuracy
• Maintain clear separation between kernel and application memory
• Validate every TLV during pre-certification
• Test 500+ ARQC/ARPC scenarios internally
• Conduct complete issuer script validation before L3
• Ensure TC/AAC generation logic matches EMV rules
• Mask all sensitive logs
• Use independent cryptogram verification tools

How EazyPay Tech Helps OEMs Pass Cryptogram-Related EMV L3 Testing

EazyPay Tech provides:

• ARQC/ARPC analysis
• Cryptogram mismatch debugging
• Detailed byte-level trace comparison
• IAD/CVR mapping corrections
• Host-side cryptographic validations
• Full EMV kernel testing
• Pre-certification review of TC/AAC logic
• End-to-end support until certification is approved

Our specialists decode every cryptographic component—down to the last byte—to ensure OEMs pass on the first attempt.

Secure cryptogram generation and validation form the cryptographic heart and brain of EMV Level 3 certification, ensuring the authenticity, security, and global interoperability of EMV transactions. Accurate ARQC generation, flawless ARPC verification, correct TC/AAC generation, and proper EMV data collection ensure that every transaction processed by a payment terminal—whether POS, SoftPOS, NFC Tap, hybrid QR-EMV terminal, or Soundbox-enabled merchant device—maintains the highest possible security standards and aligns with strict EMVCo and card-network requirements.

By complying with the deep cryptographic requirements outlined in L3, OEMs guarantee trust, system integrity, issuer acceptance, and long-term global deployability of their payment devices.